Women and Food Chains: The Gendered Politics of Food
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Published
Jan 10, 2007
Patricia Allen
Carolyn Sachs
Abstract
In nearly all societies women bear responsibility for the mental and manual labor of food provision, from field to table. Their involvement with food constructs who they are in the world—as family members, workers, and people—in deep, complex, and often contradictory ways. While food work often serves as a component of women’s identity, it also serves as a key factor in their exploitation, oppression, and, accordingly, their resistance. In this article we identify three domains that define women’s relationship to food—the material, the socio-cultural, and the corporeal. We find that, although the agrifood system is going through a period of rapid change, gender relations in the agrifood system remain surprisingly static. Through the lenses of material, socio-cultural, and corporeal, we briefly describe the state of contemporary gender relations in the American agrifood system, highlight some of the ways in which women are working to reconfigure social and economic conditions through food work. We find that, while women are engaged in significant and far-reaching efforts to change the system, few of these efforts focus specifically on improving gender relations. We briefly review scholarly contributions to our understanding of the gendered food system, concluding that a new field of study is needed that integrates theory and practice in the effort to understand and change gender relations in the agrifood system.
How to Cite
Allen , P. . and Sachs, C. . (2007) “Women and Food Chains: The Gendered Politics of Food ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 15(1), pp. 1–23. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v15i1.424.
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References
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Devasahayam, Theresa. 2005. "Power and Pleasure Around the Stove: The Construction of Gendered Identity in Middle-class Hindi South Indian Households in Urban Malaysia." Women's Studies International Forum 28(1):1-20.
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Economic Research Service. 2006. "Food Consumer Price Index, Prices, and Expenditures: Food Expenditure Tables." Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ers.usda.gov
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Arlie R. Hochschild. 2002. Global Woman: Nannies, maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy. London, UK: Granta Books.
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Feldman, Shelley and Rick Welsh. 1995. "Feminist Knowledge Claims, Local Knowledge and Gender Divisions of Agricultural Labor." Rural Sociology 60 (1): 23-43.
Fine, Ben, Michael Heasman, and Judith Wright. 1996. Consumption in the Age of Influence: The World of Food. London, UK: Routledge.
Fink, Deborah. 1992. Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
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Friedland, L. Busch, F. Buttel, and A. Rudy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Friedmann, Harriet. 1986. "Property and Patriarchy: A Reply to Goodman and Redclift." Sociologia Ruralis 26: 186-193.
Gereffi, Gary and Miguel Korzeniewicz. 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Goodman, David. 2003. "The Quality 'Turn' and Alternative Food Practices: Reflections and Agenda." Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 1-7.
Gouveia, Lourdes and Arunas Juska. 2002. "Taming Nature, Taming Workers: Constructing the Separation Between Meat Consumption and Meat Production in the U.S." Sociologia Ruralis 42(4):370-38.
Grow Pittsburgh. 2006. http://www.growpittsburgh.org.
Harris, Jessica. 1995. The Welcome Table: African American Heritage Cooking. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Hassanein, Neva. 1999. Changing the Way America Farms: Knowledge and Community in the Sustainable Agriculture Movement. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
hooks, bell. 1998. "Eating the Other: Desire and Resistance." In Eating Culture, edited by R. Scapp and B. Seitz. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Hynes, H. Patricia. 1996. A Patch of Eden: America's Inner City Gardeners. Boston, MA: Chelsea Green.
Inness, Sherrie A. 2001. Dinner Roles: American Women and Culinary Culture. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.
Julier, Alice. 2006. "Hiding Gender and Race in the Discourse of Commercial Food Consumption." Pp 27-46 in From Betty Crocker to Feminist Food Studies: Critical Perspectives on Women and Food, edited by A. V. Avakian and B. Haber. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
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Kandel, William and Emilio A. Parrado. 2005. "Restructuring of the US Meat Processing Industry and New Hispanic Migrant Destinations." Population and Development Review 31 (3): 447-471.
Kearney, Michael and Carol Nagengast. 1989. "Anthropological Perspectives on Transnational Communities in Rural California." Working Group on Farm Labor and Rural Poverty Working Paper no. 3. Davis, CA: California Institute for Rural Studies.
Kemmer, Debbie. 2000. "Tradition and Change in Domestic Roles and Food Preparation." Sociology 34 (2): 323-333.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1997. "The Temple Emanuel Fair and Its Cookbook, Denver 1888. In Recipes for Reading." Anne Bower (ed). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Lewin, Kurt. 1943. "Forces Behind Food Habits and Methods of Change." Pp. 35-65 in The Problem of Changing Food Habits. Bulletin 108. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, National Research Council.
Lockie, Stewart and Simon Kitto. 2000. "Beyond the Farm Gate: Production-Consumption Networks and Agri-Food Research." Sociologia Ruralis 40 (1): 3-19.
Mack-Canty, Colleen. 2004. "Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/Culture Duality." NWSA Journal 16 (3): 154-174.
McIntosh, Wm. Alex and Mary Zey. 1998. "Women as Gatekeepers of Food Consumption: A Sociological Critique." Pp. 125-144 in Food and Gender: Identity and Power, edited by C. M. Counihan and S. L. Kaplan. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers.
McMichael, Philip. 2000. "The Power of Food." Agriculture and Human Values, 17 (1): 21-33.
Meares, A.C. 1997. "Making the Transition from Conventional to Sustainable Agriculture: Gender, Social Movement Participation, and Quality of Life on the Family Farm." Rural Sociology 62 (1): 21-47.
Mellin, L.M., C.E. Irwin, and S. Scully. 1992. "Prevalence of Disordered Eating in Girls: A Survey of Middle Class Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92 (7): 851-853.
Millman, Marcia. 1980. Such a Pretty Face: Being Fat in America. New York, NY: Norton.
Mohanty, Chandra. 2003. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Molyneux, Maxine. 1985. "Mobilization Without Emancipation: Women's Interests, The State, and Revolution Within Nicaragua." Feminist Studies 11 (2): 227-254.
Morton, Lois Wright, Annette Bitto Ella, Mary Jane Oakland, and Mary Sand. 2005. "Solving the Problems of Iowa Food Deserts: Food Insecurity and Civic Structure." Rural Sociology 70(1): 94-112.
Moser, Charlotte. 1989. "Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs." World Development 17 (11): 1799-1825.
Murcott, Ann. 1983. "It's a Pleasure to Cook for Him…: Food, Mealtimes and Gender in Some South Wales Households." Pp. 97-107 in The Public and the Private, edited by. E. Garmarnikov. London, UK: Heinemann.
Murdoch, Jonathan. 1994. "Some Comments on 'Nature' and 'Society' in the Political Economy of Food." Review of International Political Economy 1 (3): 571-577.
Nakono Glenn, Evelyn. 1992. "From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18: 1-43.
Naples, Nancy A. 1994. "Contradictions in Agrarian Ideology: Restructuring Gender, Race-Ethnicity, and Class." Rural Sociology 59 (1): 110-135.
Narayan, Uma. 1995. "Eating Cultures: Incorporation, Identity and Indian Food." Social Identities 1 (1): 63-86.
National Center for Health Statistics. 2004. "Obesity Still a Major Problem." Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/ 04facts/obesity
National Institutes of Health. 2006. "Weight Control Information Network."
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Health Services. http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics
National Science Foundation. 2006. "Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering." http://www.nsf.gov/statistics.
Paquette, Marie-Claude and Kim Raine. 2004. "Sociocultural Context of Women's Body Image." Social Science & Medicine 59: 1047-1058.
Peter, Greg, Michael M. Bell, and Susan Jarnagin. 2000. "Coming Back Across the Fence: Masculinity and the Transition to Sustainable Agriculture." Rural Sociology 65 (2): 215-233.
Sachs, Carolyn E. 1996. Gendered Fields: Rural Women, Agriculture, and Environment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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